The bacteria may live in the bodies of healthy persons and cause disease only after resistance has been lowered by. When pneumonia does occur, it usually is the result of an exceedingly virulent microbe, a large dose of bacteria, andor impaired host defense ds3 case study bacterial pneumonia disease summary table. It has a high mortality rate of approximately 50% even with antimicrobial therapy. Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. There are more than 30 different causes of pneumonia, and theyre grouped by the cause. Pneumonia 15 pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be caused by microbes, including bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Pneumonia is acute inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. Children and older people present the highest risk for developing bronchopneumonia especially in hospitalsetting. Bacterial pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs as a result of bacteria. Pathophysiology of pneumonia respiratory tract disorders. A common cause of bacterial pneumonia is streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcus. When the labs and clinical features are positive, a positive chest radiograph is considered a.
Streptococcal pneumonia, caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, is the single most common form of pneumonia, especially in hospitalized patients. When the labs and clinical features are positive, a positive chest radiograph is considered a gold standard for diagnosis of pneumonia. Jul 27, 2019 this video discusses the pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia. Another example of bacterial transmission occurs with legionella. Learn about causes, risk factors, prevention, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatments for pneumonia, and how to participate in clinical trials. This healthhearty writeup provides information on the pathophysiology of pneumonia.
Bacterial pneumonia see the image below is caused by a pathogenic infection of the lungs and may present as a primary disease process or as the final, fatal disorder primarily in an individual who is already debilitated. During epidemics of influenza, there is an increase in the frequency of communityacquired pneumonia cap due to primary influenza pneumonia as well as secondary bacterial pneumonia complicating a case of influenza. Jun 10, 2019 klebsiella pneumonia is a necrotizing process with a predilection for debilitated people. It often results from a bacterial infection, but viruses and fungi can also cause it. Pneumonia in children typically presents with tachypnea rapid breathing, fever, and cough. Communityacquired pneumonia cap remains the main cause of death from infectious disease globally and is associated with considerable impact on morbidity and mortality especially in the elderly. Bacteria from the upper airways or, less commonly, from hematogenous spread, find their way to the lung parenchyma. Importantly, bacterial pneumonia can represent a complication of a prior viral infection, presenting as a child with a viral upper respiratory infection for 1 to 3 days suddenly developing worsening symptoms with fever and respiratory distress. Macro and microaspiration is the most important source of pneumonia. Community acquired pneumonia infectious disease and.
A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia. Choose from 98 different sets of pneumonia pathophysiology flashcards on quizlet. In addition, vaccines can prevent some types of pneumonia. Pneumonia community acquired pneumonia nosocomial pneumonia hospital. As already mentioned, pneumonia develops as a result of inflammation of the alveolar space. The causative organisms for pneumonia vary greatly between studies depending on population studied, the diagnostic method used to detect pathogens and the seasonal distribution of the viruses. Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection, specifically involving the pulmonary parenchyma. There was a call to reach a consensus on definitions of pneumonia in both resourcelimited and wellresourced settings. Legionnaires disease ld was recognized in 1976 after an outbreak of pneumonia at an american legion convention in philadelphia. During hospitalization theres a shift of airways colonizing flora from core organisms to enteric and nonfermentative ones. Learn pneumonia pathophysiology with free interactive flashcards. Bacterial pneumonia an overview sciencedirect topics. Causes, symptoms, treatment, preventive measures, and prognosis differ depending on whether the infection is bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic. Influenza is associated with a high predisposition to bacterial sepsis and ards.
The main types of pneumonia are bacterial, viral, and mycoplasma pneumonia. Pathophysiology of community acquired pneumonia japi. The severity of pneumonia can range from mild to lifethreatening, with uncomplicated disease resolving with outpatient antibiotics and complicated cases progressing to septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome ards and death. When you breathe in, oxygenrich air travels into the body through the airways trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles in your lungs. Pneumonia, in general, is considered to be one of the most common causes of death due to a bacterial infection.
Most community acquired pneumonia cap are bacterial in origin and often follow brief viral upper respiratory tract. Bacterial pneumonia is an infection of your lungs caused by certain bacteria. Pneumonia can be classified in several ways, most commonly by where it was acquired hospital versus community, but may also by the area of lung affected or by the causative organism. Besides treatment with antibiotics neonates suffering from pneumonia will frequently require mechanical ventilation. Pneumonia is an acute exudative inflammation secondary to airborne infection with bacteria, viruses or mycoplasma. Both forms of pneumonia are very similar, dawn turner, do, attending physician at medpost. Department of pediatrics, respiratory medicine division, university of virginia health system, charlottesville, va after completing this article, readers should be able to. The h3n2 subtype has been associated with unprecedented high levels of intensive care unit icu admission. The most common one is streptococcus pneumococcus, but other bacteria can cause it too. Bronchopneumonia is pneumonia that affects the bronchi of the lungs, causing inflammation. Pneumonia national heart, lung, and blood institute nhlbi.
However, a chest xray cannot reliably differentiate bacterial from a nonbacterial cause. Lobar pneumonia leukocytic alveolitis atlas of pathology. Two of the more common types of pneumonia, an infection within your lungs, are viral and bacterial. However, pneumonia may occur as a result of invasion by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, chemical injury or direct lung injury. Diagnosis and treatment of communityacquired pneumonia. Bronchopneumonia symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis. Pneumonia is an acute inflammatory response deep in the lungs, in the alveoli. Etiology varies with age group and comorbidities bacterial c omu n ity,nr sg he v pal acquired viral. A cough that produces green, yellow, or bloody mucus is the most common symptom of. Pneumonia is a pulmonary infection that is characterized by the inflammation of the lung parenchyma. When a tissue is infected or injured, there is an inflammatory response that is, in the simplest sense, an accumulation of pus. Confusion or changes in mental awareness in adults. Hospitalacquired pneumonia hap is pneumonia that occurs more than 48 hours after admission1 and without any antecedent signs of infection at the. Choose from 249 different sets of pneumonia pathophysiology etiology flashcards on quizlet.
The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus purulent material, causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Cough, particularly cough productive of sputum, is the most consistent presenting symptom of. Ventilatorassociated pneumoniaunderstanding epidemiology and. Pneumococcus was considered one of the 9 bacteria of international. Streptococcus pneumoniae is recognized as an important cause of pediatric pneumonia regardless of age in both the inpatient and outpatient setting. Typical bacterial pneumonia statpearls ncbi bookshelf. However, most instances of pneumonia are attributable to selfinfection with one or more types of microbes that originate in the nose and mouth. Pneumonia develops when microorganisms overwhelm host defences, resulting in a multifocal process. Initial diagnosis is usually based on chest xray and clinical findings.
Pathophysiology of bacterial pneumonia health for you. It affects all ages of both sexes, especially the immunocompromised, chronically ill and aged clients. Pathophysiology of common respiratory disorders lois e brenneman, msn, anp, fnp, c respiratory infections influenza influenza remains in top 10 causes of death in us. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can cause mild to severe illness in people of all ages. Pneumonia commonly develops as a complication of other lower respiratory infections, such as bronchiolitis or laryngotracheobronchitis. This video discusses the pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia. Pathophysiology of pneumonia clinics in chest medicine. Diagnosis and treatment of communityacquired pneumonia m. Background pneumonia was first described by hippocrates 5 460 370 bc.
Risk and severity of pneumonia is determined by bacterial burden, organism virulence and host defences. Viral infections presenting concurrently with bacterial pneumonia are now known to occur with a frequency of 3050% in both adult and pediatric populations. The care provider can usually diagnose the cause and determine the appropriate therapy based on the history and physical. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterium that causes bacterial pneumonia. The most consistent presenting symptom of bacterial pneumonia is cough productive of sputum. Atypical bacterial pneumonia statpearls ncbi bookshelf. Aspiration of gastric acid causes a chemical pneumonitis which has also been called mendelson syndrome. Doctors classify bacterial pneumonia based on whether it developed inside or outside a hospital. People with a weakened immune system have a higher risk.
Soon after, the etiologic agent was identified as a fastidious gramnegative bacillus and named legionella pneumophila. In the united states, common causes of viral pneumonia are influenza and respiratory syncytial virus rsv. Pneumonia is a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection of the lungs that causes the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus. Jun 15, 2017 pathophysiology how does pneumonia develop. Pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be. Microbes can reach the lungs by inhalation, aspiration the entrance of solid or liquid material into the lungs, for example, during vomiting or by blood, for example, in intravenous drug users or during blood infection or septicemia septic pneumonia. However, it is still the leading infectious cause of death in children younger than 5 years old worldwide. The alveoli are tiny sacs in human lungs, filled with air. Pneumonia etiology pneumonia is an infection of the lower. The inflammation could occur due to a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. It is the leading infectious cause of hospitalization and death in the united states and exacts an enormous cost in economic and human terms. The bacteria may live in the bodies of healthy persons and cause disease only after resistance has been lowered by other illness or infection. Name the most important cause of bacterial pneumonia in children older than 6 months of age.
Pneumonia is a lung condition wherein the parenchyma of the lung becomes inflamed. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of. However, a chest xray cannot reliably differentiate bacterial from a non bacterial cause. It could be considered nosocomial or hospital acquired if its onset occurs 48 hours or more after hospital admission. Once there, a combination of factors including virulence of the infecting. Viruses, bacteria, and fungi can all cause pneumonia. Causes, symptoms, treatment, preventive measures, and prognosis differ depending on whether the infection is bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal, or. Prevention of vap can be achieved by implementing multidisciplinary care bundles focusing on oralhand hygiene and control of sedation. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. Communityacquired pneumonia cap remains the main cause of death. What is the pathophysiology of bacterial pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection of one or both of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
Pathogenesis impairment of host defense colonization of upper respiratory tract aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions pulmonary infection pneumonia. Both perinatal and nosocomial pneumonia are often associated with sepsis and some have suggested that the lung is an important entry site for systemic bacterial infection. The alveoli are responsible for gas exchange, and any kind of inflammation in alveolar space compromises this process. The mortality rate approaches 100% for persons with alcoholism and bacteremia. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of communityacquired pneumonia. Describe the findings of pneumonia on physical examination of preschool children. Endotracheal tube secretion leakage is an important source, serving biofilm as a reservoir. Postoperative bacterial pneumonia usually occurs when the body is weakened in some way, such as illness, malnutrition, old age or impaired immunity, and the bacteria are able to work their way into the. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is a type of atypical bacterial pathophysiology of pneumonia pdf that is characterized by a relatively long incubation period. Neonatal pneumonia an overview sciencedirect topics. Typical bacterial pneumonia is usually lobar pneumonia with parapneumonic pleural effusions. Streptococcus pneumonia is the most frequent cause of community acquired pneumonia while pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common pathogen found in hospital acquired pneumonia occurrences.
Lipsett, mdb, pneumonia is one of the most common nosocomial infections occurring in hospitalized patients. Bacteria are the almost exclusively responsible for hap and vap in immunocompetent patients, fungal and viral microorganism are exceptionally isolated in this. Pneumonia has been defined as an infection of the lung parenchyma. There is also a combined clinical classification, which combines. Viral etiology cold, dry weather and crowding favors spread. Pneumonia is defined as acute infection of the alveoli and the surrounding tissues that is life threatening to most of the population. Depending on the extent of lesions, pneumonia can be. Oct 25, 2019 bacterial pneumonia see the image below is caused by a pathogenic infection of the lungs and may present as a primary disease process or as the final, fatal disorder primarily in an individual who is already debilitated.
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